If you can see this check that

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Networking

End System Networking

Linux Networking

Default Networking

localhost

The localhost network device

$ /sbin/ifconfig lo

lo  Link encap:Local Loopback
    inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
    inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
    UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
    RX packets:10 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
    TX packets:10 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
    collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
    RX bytes:700 (700.0 b)  TX bytes:700 (700.0 b)

The Network Device

In many systems /dev/eth* is the naming convention used for ethernet network devices. In such systems with only one network connection, /dev/eth0 is the standard device name. However some distributions are renaming eth0 to reflect the hardware bus number of the network device in question.

Naming devices to reflect their hardware identity (such as using the PCI slot number) means that the names better reflect the location of the device, and also gives a degree of protection from the effects of hardware changes.

In systems like Fedora, eth0 is more likely to be known as /dev/em1. This suggests the device is in slot 1, and is an embedded ethernet device (i.e. on the motherboard).

When configuring a network interface, the basic network configuration requires:

$ ifconfig eth0

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr FE:FD:0A:00:02:02
          inet addr:10.0.2.2  Bcast:10.0.2.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::fcfd:aff:fe00:202/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:2008 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:1181 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:106268 (103.7 Kb)  TX bytes:166284 (162.3 Kb)
          Interrupt:5

Ethernet Errors

ifconfig

Ip command

The route

$ ip rule show

0:      from all lookup local
32766:  from all lookup main
32767:  from all lookup default

$ ip route show table local

broadcast 127.255.255.255 dev lo  proto kernel  scope link  src 127.0.0.1
broadcast 10.0.2.0 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 10.0.2.2
local 10.0.2.2 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope host  src 10.0.2.2
broadcast 10.0.2.255 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 10.0.2.2
broadcast 127.0.0.0 dev lo  proto kernel  scope link  src 127.0.0.1
local 127.0.0.1 dev lo  proto kernel  scope host  src 127.0.0.1
local 127.0.0.0/8 dev lo  proto kernel  scope host  src 127.0.0.1

$ ip route show table main

10.0.2.0/29 dev eth0  scope link src 10.0.2.1
default via 10.0.2.7 dev eth0

> route -n
Destination     Gateway    Genmask             Flags Metric Ref  Use Iface
10.0.2.0        0.0.0.0    255.255.255.248     UH     0       0    0 eth0
0.0.0.0        10.0.2.7    0.0.0.0             UG     0       0    0 eth0

Route

ROUTING

Linux for routing

Linux Routing Performance

Ref: http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/5826/print

Linux Routing Performance

Configuration

Example: Simple Gateway

Add this example

> ifconfig eth0 10.0.50.10 broadcast 10.0.50.255 netmask 255.255.255.0 
> ip route append 10.0.50.0/24 dev eth0 
> ifconfig eth1 10.0.1.254 broadcast 10.0.1.255 netmask 255.255.255.0
> ip route append 10.0.1.0/24 dev eth1
> ip route append default via 10.0.50.254

$ ip route show

10.0.50.0/24 dev eth0  scope link
10.0.1.0/24 dev eth1  scope link
default via 10.0.50.254 dev eth0

*UML

> ip route show table main 
10.0.1.254 dev eth0 scope link
default via 10.0.1.254 dev eth0

Class Exercise:

The netmask

VLSM

VLSM is "borrowing bits"

VLSM for minimum hosts

Class Exercise

Broken VLSM

P2P netmask

VLSM with mixed networks

Exercise

Solution:

Linux Switch

Linux Switch

# ************ Create a bridge interface and it is called br1
brctl addbr br1
# ************ Add physical interfaces to the bridge interface
brctl addif br1 eth0
brctl addif br1 eth1
# ************ Reset IP interface
ifconfig eth0 0.0.0.0
ifconfig eth1 0.0.0.0
#Bring up the bridge
ifconfig br1 up
# ********** Set IP address of the bridge
ifconfig br1 192.168.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
# ********** Set IP default gateway
route add default gw 192.168.10.1

Latency vs frame size

Discussion

Network Troubleshooting

Layered Approach

Linux ARP cache

Questions:

nmap

$ nmap linuxzoo.net
PORT		STATE	SERVICE
22/tcp		open		ssh
23/tcp		open		telnet
53/tcp		open		domain
80/tcp		open		http
81/tcp		open		host2-ns
123/tcp		closed		ntp
5900/tcp	closed		vnc
5901/tcp	closed		vnc-1
5902/tcp	closed		vnc-2
5903/tcp	closed		vnc-3

netstat

$ netstat -n | head -4
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State
tcp        1      0 127.0.0.1:64359         	127.0.0.1:631         CLOSE_WAIT
tcp        0      0 146.176.162.6:22 		146.176.16:59160  ESTABLISHED

Not sure about port ":22"?
$ grep '22/tcp' /etc/services
ssh             	22/tcp                    	# SSH Remote Login Protocol
bpjava-msvc     	13722/tcp                       	# BP Java MSVC Protocol

Discussion

Discussion

Question 1

Consider the topology shown

The Ethernet devices shown are from the point of view of M1. Assume MGW is the gateway machine for this cluster of machines. Also from the viewpoint of M1, the following is known:

	Eth0 : 162.2.1.20/16
	Eth1 : 162.1.1.3/24
	Eth2 : 162.1.2.5/24

	MGW is 162.2.1.1
	M2 is 162.1.1.4
	M3 is 162.1.2.10
Supply ifconfig lines for this scenario for use on M1.

Question 2


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